Early Childhood Education More About Care Than Education...

Is early childhood education more about care than education? Is early childhood more about free-play than learning? The late 1980s saw the campaign for quality early childhood education and is now seen as a site for early intervention and for the maximisation of the child’s potential from the earliest possible age (Duhn, 2009). Over the years early childhood has become a foundation for children from birth to 5 years of age making it a quality based learning which will make a life time difference. In this essay I will be talking about four issues over the history of New Zealand education around early childhood: first I will talk about baby farming. Secondly care versus education, thirdly the quality of qualified teachers versus non-qualified teachers and lastly the impact government has made on early childhood education. Single and married women used to pay people to care for their children, because they had to work to get by. These babysitters were also known as â€Å"baby farmers† due to the fact they had so many children under their watch. This was a service to New Zealanders that was of great need. Easting (1994, p.48) said in relation to the nineteenth century: â€Å"the stigma of ‘care’ being a service for problem children from ‘scarce’ families (for example where the mother went out to work) developed very early on. Gradually the governments of the time began to provide some support for ‘educational’ activities [kindergartens].† These caregivers were sometimes called ‘babyShow MoreRelatedDevelopment Of Exceptional And Special Needs Children Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesThe early childhood sector is increasing rapidly across the Caribbean. Some of these centres just came about in an ad hoc manner due to the demand for day care servi ces; recognising how important early childhood development is, governments and other officials are being faced with the task of ensuring that quality early childhood education is provided. This essay seeks to discuss teachers’ expectations, sensitivities, priorities and values that contribute to the quality of all pupils learning andRead MoreBenefits Of Low Salaries For Early Childhood Education1197 Words   |  5 Pagesnecessity of early childhood education has increased as research indicated all the beneficiary effects on the child’s developmental learning capacity in their early years. However, low salaries negatively affect many early childhood educators who dedicated time and effort to continue higher education and trainings to ensure the best practices for the children. With the efforts to raise salaries for early childhood teachers, many professionals and educators in the field voiced their opinion about the raisesRead MoreThe State Of Georgia Have Quality Earl y Childhood Education1447 Words   |  6 Pages†¢ Purpose The purpose of this policy is to ensure that all children in the state of Georgia have quality Early Childhood Programs that are accessible, affordable, comprehensive, and sustainable. Crafting strategic and thoughtful policy in the forefront will ensure the academic achievement, social development and future success of the state’s youth. †¢ Scope This policy will aim to address the social, academic and general health needs of all children from birth to the age of 8 years in the state ofRead MoreThe Career Field Of Early Childhood Education1746 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Careers in Early Childhood Education, the field of early childhood education deals with teaching and education young children, commonly at a preschool level. Early childhood education appeared as a separate branch of education after several studies were conducted and told us that the time before a child goes to kindergarten are the most important for developing their learning abilities and social skills. Studies were conducted by the Department of Education, and many other governmentRead MoreHuman History Literacy Rates Have Continued Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesHuman history literacy rates have continued to hike. Children now attend school than at any other point in history. Although nations have made immense progress, many are still far from rea ching the universal goals of education. The importance of early education cannot be emphasized enough. As famous scholars had noted in human history, education is the precondition for success and unconstrained prospects. Educated citizens are the foundation for a nation’s sustainable economic and social developmentRead MoreChildren With Multicultural And Diverse Experiences849 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Early childhood providers do many difficult tasks. The hardest task is to provide the children with multicultural and diverse experiences. Since the beginning of time, the extended families, clans, and the communities raised the young children. Even today, many early childhood programs and family child care institutions tend to be similar and homogeneous to the children’s home backgrounds. The common criteria parents use to choose the early childhood programs, and the child care facilitiesRead MoreDeveloping A Safe And Healthy Environment1471 Words   |  6 Pageschild (Early Learning for, 2007, p. 3). In November 2004, the Ontario administration created a great plan called the â€Å"Early Learning for Every Child Today† (ELECT). By launching this plan, Ontario fulfilled its dream. In addition, the ELECT document contains comprehensive and rich sources of information that enhances, rather than modifies, planned curriculum in all Ontario’s care centers operating under the Day Nurseries Act. As long as early childhood professionals working in early childhood settingsRead MorePromoting a Healthy and Safety Environment in an Early Childhood Education Setting1353 Words   |  6 Pageshealthy environment in early childhood education. Learning and developments of children are greatly enhanced by a healthy environment. It will also explain three policies that relate to these aspects. Strategies will also be mentioned to elaborate on the aspects and policies. Families, communities and centres should work together to provide and promote a healthy upbringing of young children. It will also include the areas needed to be improving further in the early childhood healthy environment andRead MoreChildren s Academic And Social Competencies1549 Words   |  7 Pagesstart school tend to be more at-risk (considered to have a higher probability of failing academically or dropping out of school) than their advantaged peers, come from lower socioeconomic hom es, and are more likely to have developmental challenges that limit their attentiveness for instruction (Jeon, H., Peterson, et al., 2011). This gap in development is evident at the earliest stages of growth and the effects of poverty on children s development typically appear at about the age of 2 and by ageRead MoreEssay on 20th Century Approaches in Early Childhood Education861 Words   |  4 Pagesthere are many kinds of programs and approaches used in early childhood education? The 20th century was the start of inclusive classrooms and about the idea of education for all. Education in the early preschool years boomed with early childhood development programs. While there are many popular approaches, I find that Maria Montessori and Rudolf Steiner have the reliable strait forward and captivating approaches to early childhood education. Maria Montessori has an educational method that is in

Business Start Up Loans Grants - 1274 Words

Starting a business means involvement of lot of funding no matter what type of business it is. Business start up loans grants are very helpful for those who wish to start their own business but lack proper funding to launch them. If you have a good business idea and you have also surveyed the market to foresee the future of your business, you can apply for these loans or grants. The first thing is that whether you believe in yourself and success of your business idea or not. Your belief will get more weight if you take a genuine survey of the market and find out what could be the future performance of your business type. Once you are sure about the success of your business, you need to make a good business plan. This is one of the important parts when you have decided to apply for the business grants. Also, search for the grants that are capable of fulfilling your business needs and will help you accomplish them. There are various organizations that offer grants for new businesspers ons along with the government agencies. Make use of all the resources and research the availability of the grants. Apply for all that you qualify increasing your chances of getting approved. Finding the right grants is the most important step and you should invest some time and effort in this. The main intention of business start up loans grants is to provide necessary moral and financial support to new entrepreneurs so that they are able to get back to their feet and start earning their living.Show MoreRelatedRaising Capital For A Young Business : Case Study819 Words   |  4 PagesRaising capital for a young business can be a difficult process. My businesses inevitably fail simply because they did not have the right amount of capital to start with (Keyes, 2007). A lack of capital can force an entrepreneur to make poor decisions simply because they did not have enough money to make the right one. A lack of funding will also lead to a lack of cash follow, which is considered th e life blood of a starting business. Furthermore, funding short falls make it very difficult toRead MoreWk #4 Research Strategy1135 Words   |  5 Pagesplanning of a start-up business is the financial requirements. Research has determined it will likely result in attempting to obtain a grant or a small business loan. While a number of the websites visited promise an immediate guarantee of a grant, how can a potential new business owner know for sure what is written in the fine print? Never having applied for any type of grant creates a sense of apprehension and uncertainty with regard to the process. Gathering information from the Small Business AdministrationRead MoreCarribean Internet Cafe1263 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment #1: Caribbean Intern Cafà © Date: November 14, 2012 1. There are many issues that Mr. Grant should consider before proceeding with the CIC. There are several things that Mr. Grant should examine before even looking at the projections given to him. Total capital is $2,250,000, $1,000,000 in investments and $1,250,000 in the form of a long-term loan. $1,573,000 is immediately spent leaving $677,000. If he has no customers, he can afford to remain open for 3 months. As well, theyRead MoreSmall Business Funding Options1170 Words   |  5 Pagespartnership to pay back this relative, there is no high rate interest to worry about, as there would be with a bank loan. Also, the relative only has to agree to the assistance, instead of applying for bank approval. There is also no risk of depreciation, as there is with the stock market. However, there is also a very large risk with this type of funding. When using a short or long term loan with a bank, once approval is granted, the funding is guaranteed. When borrowing from a relative, he/s he canRead MoreBusiness Financing For Small Businesses Essay919 Words   |  4 PagesSmall Business Loans Starting a business requires capital so as to run and steer the business to profitability. There are many sources of financing tailored to meet the needs of start-ups and small businesses. Business financing usually varies depending on factors such as source of funds and the size and type of business. The process of securing funds can also be problematic for most start-ups and small business because of the unwillingness of most traditional banks to provide funds to small borrowersRead MoreSmall Business Loans : Small Businesses And Star Ups Essay913 Words   |  4 PagesSmall Business Loans When you want to start a business you need capital in order to run and steer the business to profitability. There are many sources of financing start-up and small businesses can tap into to get started. Financing usually varies depending on the source of financing as well as the size and type of business you want to run. However, the process of securing funds to start a business is fraught with many challenges. This problem has been compounded by the fact that many traditionalRead MoreEssay On Angel Entrepreneurs870 Words   |  4 PagesWhile many investors and business owners do insist that an idea is the important element of any business entity, they also do concur that it is quite challenging to start, operate and sustain any business venture without capital. The situation gets even more complicated given the gender-based issues still affecting communities not just within America but also worldwide. However, following the continuous creation of awareness around such critical conc erns the situation is gradually gaining the attentionRead MoreSources of Finance1496 Words   |  6 PagesP3 Introduction For this task I will be considering the sources of finance I will need for my company. Why might a business require finance? A business may require finance because they can either: †¢ Be setting up a new business and they do not have enough money to start up. †¢ They may need new equipment to help make the business expand and make more profit. †¢ Or they may even want to replace old machinery. †¢ They may want to move there store to a better location that might benefit thereRead MoreHow Free Government Grants Loans Are Available For People Essay1733 Words   |  7 PagesFree government grants loans are available for people who are in real need of money to fulfill their needs. The recent economic recession has left most of the people in financial crisis and whether it is business or house repair work, they need financial help to get these needs accomplished. Many people either somehow manage with the deficits or look for some financial help. Nearly everyone out of these is not in a position to repay the loans and so they hesitate to go for those options. There areRead MoreRaising Finance1286 Words   |  6 Pagesbuy-in to a business (management buy-in or MBI) or buy-out (management buy-out or MBO) a business from its owners, may not have the resources to acquire the company. They will need to raise finance to achieve their objectives. There are a number of potential sources of finance to meet the needs of a growing business or to finance an MBI or MBO: - Existing shareholders and directors funds - Family and friends - Business angels - Clearing banks (overdrafts, short or medium term loans) - Factoring

Human Right Peace and Developments

Question: Write an essay on "Human Right Peace and Developments". Answer: Introduction: In this world, everyone has the right to lead their own life in their own way. However, it has been found that there are few people in the society who are being restricted to use their human right in their own way (Albright and vila 2015). In the present scenario, it has been found that most of the vulnerable people suffer in the society. Donnelly (2013) commented that the vulnerable people are the group of people who are being ill treated and neglected by the people in the society. Additionally, it has been also found presently the vulnerable people are facing major challenges and barrier to lead their daily life in a peaceful manner. Apart from this, it has also being found that the vulnerable people are always being neglected and abused by the people in the society. This particular situation is somehow affecting peace and other development in the society. In this particular study is mainly going to highlight the issues faced by the vulnerable group of people in the society. Apart from this, the study has also focused on the effective initiative and actions taken by the Nation states to maintain peace in the society. Additionally, also discussed the unique strategies implemented by the Nation States to improve the overall situation and the impact of the issues from the people mind. Discussion: It has been found that there are mainly two types of vulnerable group namely the disabled group and the gender biasness group. In most of the cases, it has found that the vulnerable group are mainly disabled suffers the most in the society. Forsythe (2012) put forward that most of the vulnerable people who are mainly disabled are being not allowed to take active participation in any of the normal activities which are taking place within the society. Due to this reason most of the vulnerable people feels isolated and neglected in the society. On the other hand, Harris et al. (2014) argued that most of the common mass take advantage of the disable people in the society. Apart from this, it has been also found that the disable person does have the right to use their human rights in their own way. It has been found that 80% of the disabled people live in the developing countries (Mullerson 2014). Additionally they are also being considered as the minority group in the society. The disabled people are being hugely discriminated within the society. This directly creates an adverse impact of the human rights and the peace in the society. Everywhere the disabled people are being neglected by the common mass, due to this reason they are also unable to access all the good things in life (Sharp 2015). In workplace, institution and in society, they face several barriers to survive. These situations give rise to conflict, it has been found that the behavior and attitudes of the individuals is not good towards the disabled people. This somehow creates a negative impact on the belief and the cultural values of the individual. In the present scenario, it has been found that within the society the gender biasness has become one of the major issues, which the individuals are facing within the society. This has directly created an impact on the peace and the other development in the society. Still it has been found that the women in the society are being ill treated by the individual in the society. It has been found that the family person, which hampers the peace of the individuals in the society, is abusing mostly the elderly women. With the advancement of time, the violence against women is rapidly increasing within the society. Tomuschat (2014) argued that still men dominates and society. The behavioral attitudes of the people are same in the society. This particular situation also raised several issues among the individuals in the society (Wani 2016). In order to overcome the barriers the governmental bodies, non-governmental organizations and the United Nation has taken the major initiative to improve the overall situation in the society. It has been found that the Australian non-governmental organization has incorporated new policies and law in order to provide equal right to the helpless people in the society (Tomuschat 2014). Through this effective, approach the nongovernmental organizations can easily improve the situation and attitudes of the people towards the disabled people. In order to eliminate the gender biasness from the society the United Nation has introduce the elimination of discrimination against women (1967). Due different cultural background, generally conflict arises within the men and the women in the society. Most of the vulnerable people is being violated due to different cultural backgrounds in the society. On the other hand, it has been found that the governmental body also focused on the regulation, law and practices to protect the individual right of the people within the society. On the other hand, it has been also found that the non-governmental bodies focused in conducting social awareness programs in order to change the outlook of the people towards the disabled people. Additionally, it has also focused on the issues that the individuals are facing within the society. By taking effective initiative, the governmental bodies are trying to achieve peace and other development in the society. By strengthen the law and the rights of the common people, the governmental bodies are develop and maintain the peace and equality within the individual in the society. Conclusion: From this study, it can be concluded that in the present time the governmental bodies and the nongovernmental organizations has taken major initiative to improve the situation and the developing peace among the people in the society. By developing peace in the society, the government body can develop the society in a better way. It can easily overcome the cultural barrier and conflict in the society. On the other hand, I have also found that disability and gender biasness is one of the major issues in the society. These two issues have created huge barrier and gap among the people in the society. Additionally in order to enhance peace, the governmental has implemented new policies and law to develop the belief of the individual in the society. This will somehow help the government to improve the cultural practices within the society. Reference list: Albright, J. and vila, J., 2015. Vincent Adzahlie-Mensah is a Lecturer at the Department of Social Studies Education at the University of Education, Winneba, Ghana. He is interested in critical research that contributes to understanding the links between education and development. He is particularly interested in working on issues around gender and equity, human rights and peace education.The SAGE Handbook of Curriculum, Pedagogy and Assessment. Donnelly, J., 2013.Universal human rights in theory and practice. Cornell University Press. Forsythe, D.P., 2012.Human rights in international relations. Cambridge University Press. Harris, D., O'Boyle, M., Bates, E. and Buckley, C., 2014.Law of the European convention on human rights. Oxford University Press, USA Mullerson, R., 2014.Human Rights Diplomacy. Routledge. Sharp, D.N., 2015. Redefining Human Rights in the Struggle for Peace and Development by Terrence E. Paupp (review).Human Rights Quarterly,37(1), pp.249-252. Tomuschat, C., 2014.Human rights: between idealism and realism(Vol. 13). Oxford University Press, USA. Wani, M.A., 2016. 07_Analysis of Conceptual Foundations of International Instrument for Global Peace and Development.

The Definition Of The Golden Rule Is That Those With The Gold Essay Example For Students

The Definition Of The Golden Rule Is That Those With The Gold Essay make the rules. In other words, those with the gold have the power aswell as those with the power have the gold. History books willdiscuss the general reasons for war such as freedom from adversity orfreedom from religion. But the real issue for any war is the thirstfor power and control; and the means to finance them are the economicissues. Nations will endure years of fighting for power and control. France and England fought each other for more than a hundred years tohave control of the Channel trade routes. 1 This century of warringwas known as The Hundred Years War and is the longest war in recordhistory. It began in 1337 when King Edward III invaded Normandy andended in 1453 when France won the Battle of Bordeaux. However, it wasnot a hundred years of constant battle; there were periods of trucesin between. 2One cause for the Hundred Years War was the claim to theFrench throne. The conflict began when the direct line of successiondied without a male heir and the nobles decided to pass the crown to acousin, Philip of Valois. But this left two other male cousinsequally deserving of the crown; Charles, King of Navarre and EdwardIII, King of England. 3 Edward III claimed that he himself wasdeserving of the throne because his mother was the sister of the lateFrench king, while Philip VI was only a cousin. But according toFrench law, no women could inherit the throne, nor could the crown beinherited through a woman. 4Philip of Valois chances of becoming King of France had beenremote and he had not been brought up as the future lieutenant of Godon Earth. Philip VI spent much of his resources on entertainment andfinery with gay abandon. 5 This caused conflict with the kingssubjects. Since the king was considered to be sacred and inviolable,neither cousin would challenge Philip VI. However, they would exploitthe situation and King Edward III lost no time and invaded Normandywith an army of 10,000men. 6This leads to another cause for The Hundred Years War. Theland along the Channel and Atlantic coasts was Englands first line ofdefense against an invasion. England held claim to this territoryfrom the twelth century through the marriage of King Henry II andEleanor of Aquitaine. King Edward III was determined to gain controlof the French coastline while providing himself with a bridgehead forfuture expeditions into France. 7But the major cause of The Hundred Years W ar was the economicinterest the revenues to be gotten from this rich territory. Winewas Gasgonys largest export product and major source of income to thevassal. Wool was Englands largest export product and the source ofits wealth. English pastures produced fleeces that were the envy ofEurope which Flanders depended on for its wool and linen market. 8English sheep growers sold their long fine wool to weavers inFlanders, across the English Channel. Flemish weavers as well asEnglish sheep growers depended on this trade for their business. In1336, Philip VI arrested all the English merchants in Flanders andtook away all the privileges of the Flemish towns and the craftguilds. Resulting in the Flemings revolting against the Frenchcontrol and making an alliance with England. 9 Consequently, theflourishing market of the industrial cities of Ghent, Bruges, Antwerpand Ypres were naturally coveted by the Kings of France and England. We will write a custom essay on The Definition Of The Golden Rule Is That Those With The Gold specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Moreover, the Bordeaux harbor was within the borders ofEnglish Gascony and was the center of the shipping and tradingindustry. Commodities such as grains, dairy products, dyes and saltwould be shipped into Bordeaux via the Dordogne and Garonne Rivers andthe merchants were charged a customs fee for these products. Also,Bordeaux would receive duties on wine, whether shipped-in or grown onGascon soil. Consequently, the profits from the tolls and customsmade Bordeaux the economic capital of Gascony. Furthermore, controlof neighboring areas such as Guyenne and Calais were economicallyvital. Their union with Bordeaux would ensure England with a monopolyof the shipping and trading industry from Spain, Portugal andBrittany. 10France was the richest country in Europe and its army was muchlarger than Englands. In addition, Frances army consisted of hiredmercenaries. Therefore, France should have quickly defeated England. But Frances army consisted of heavily armored knights who were lessmobile against the agile English swordsmen. The French militaryleaders soon realized the archer was the only effective when fightinga pitched battle. Consequently, France implemented a strategic planwhich was to avoid active warfare and to utilize the technique ofdiplomacy and concessions. England could win battles, but Francecould avoid them. Pitched battles were accepted only when there wasno alternative. Otherwise, France would raid unprotected towns andvillages, take what they could, then burn them to the ground. 11Meanwhile, England could depend on the loyalty of hersubjects. The soldiers were happy to receive a salary and eager tofight on French soil. They could profit from the plundering whiletheir homes didnt suffer and damage. Moreover, England had superiormilitary tactics. They had perfected the fighting technique of thelongbow drawn by free swordsmen. Even though the archers were belowthe knight on the soci al ladder, they were not ashamed to fight sideby side. Subsequently, the archer could destroy the effectiveness ofa French calvary charge. Also, King Edward III was very popular withhis subjects. He would fight beside his troops as well as to thefolks at home. As well, his sixteen year old son, the Black Prince,was a superb military leader. 12 He successfully continued to leadthe English armies into battle against France. As a result, Englandwon most of the initial battles and kept the war in France. 13One of the great English victories was the battle at Crecy. .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 , .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 .postImageUrl , .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 , .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50:hover , .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50:visited , .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50:active { border:0!important; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50:active , .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ameriacas Involvement In WWII EssayThe English were outnumbered four to one by the French, led by PhilipVI. The English occupied the side of a small hill, while the heavynumber of French men-at-arms and hired Genoese crossbowmen were at thefoot of the hill on a plain. The English were ready with their newlongbows at hand. The Genoese crossbowmen attacked the English, but were tootired due to the long days march and because of an earlier rainstorm,their crossbow strings were loose. The Englishs longbow proved to betoo much for the Genoese, so they dropped the crossbows and began torun. King Philip was so outraged at the Genoese actions, he had hismen-at-arms kill many of them. At one point during this battle, the French came across agroup of English knights led by the Black Prince, the son of EdwardIII, dismounted from their horses and not prepared for battle. AsEdward III heard of his sons misfortune, he ordered no aid be sent tohim and his men. This was to be his day. Slowly, pieces of theFrench army began to flee, while the English army stood strong. England had won the first great land battle of the long war. They had already won control of the English Channel and a few yearslater, the town of Calais surrendered to them on September 28, 1347. For the next ten years, fighting was slowed. This was due mainly tothe Black Death which killed more than a third of the population. 14Initially, England feared they would never be able to defendthemselves against a French invasion. France had enormous wealth,military prestige and a dominant position in European politics. However, the Battles of Vrecy and Poiters were major victories forEngland. In both battles, England was greatly outnumbered by Francebut, the English archers were more effective than the armor-cladFrench knights. Therefore, the victories were perceived to be grantedby god because England was the rightful ruler of France. As Englandcontinued to win the early battles and keep the in France, themilitarys feelings of inferiority and insecurity were replaced withself-confidence and optimism. The first phase of The Hundred YearsWar went well for England. Eventually the false sense of prosperity created by thepillaging of the French towns and villages began to surface. Also,the commoners were becoming dissatisfied with the high war expense. The war was a strain on Englands resources and it was beginning toget difficult to pay the soldiers wages as well as maintain thegarrisons. The English subjects were taxed out and tired of themisappropriation of the war funds by the corrupt royal officials andmilitary commanders. Moreover, the military began to decline. KingRichard II was not a good general. Most of Edward IIIs captains weredead or in captivity and the new generation of officers showed littleaptitude for war. 15 But King Richard II had to fight France notonly for glorious tradition but to save the wine trade with Gasconyand the wool trade with Flanders. These resources were needed to helpfinance the war. However, his campaign ended in retreat. The Gascons were opportunists. They did not adhere firmly toone lord. Even though they did better under English rule, they werenot resistant to the French. Consequently, France gradually gainedcontrol of the Channel trade routes. Then King Henry V renewed TheHundred Years War with a victory at Agincourt. He was a strong,brilliant military leader and continued to win battles against theFrench, recapturing the Gascon territory. 16 Also, with the marriageto Charles VIs daughter, King Henry V achieved the goal of Frenchsovereignty. He became the French regent and upon Charles VIsdeath, the King of England would succeed to a dual monarchy. However,when Charles VI died, the King of England was a child. 17Henry VI was too young and inexperienced to supervise akingdom and lead an army. As a result, authority did not rest in anyone person, but in all of the lords together. This led to Englishdisputes and disunity. Also, the subjects believed this was thekings war and the king should not finan ce the war through taxationbut from his own income from Gascony. The maintenance of a dualkingdom was a financial strain and England was far in debt on militarywages. In addition, Gascony was very difficult to defend and theunstable economic conditions made it difficult to meet military crisesas they arose. Consequently, the English army in Gascony disbanded. .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c , .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c .postImageUrl , .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c , .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c:hover , .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c:visited , .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c:active { border:0!important; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c:active , .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Attorney Essay18When it seemed as if there was no hope for France, a new lightappeared for them. She was Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans. Joan ofArc and Charles VII were able to organize France. They invadedGascony with an overwhelming force and began to capture the Englishtowns along the Norman border without being drawn into a pitchedbattle. Even after Joan of Arcs capture and execution by the Englishand Burgundians, her spirit seemed to inspire the French. As aresult, the French offensive spirit was rekindled. Again, the Frenchoutnumbered the English. But this time the French army did not rest,instead they sped aggressively to the next battle. Moreover, theFrench imple mented the use of the cannon-ball. 19Again, the allegiance of the noble families to England orFrance was determined by the economic and judicial privileges of theirlordships. 20 But their land and goods were confiscated duringCharles VIIs invasion. Consequently, the nobles defected to France. As England continued to lose its control of the South-West, Francesability to allure the nobility away from England increased. In thepast many had mocked the sovereignty of France. But in the politicalconditions of 1442-53 they were seldom able to resist the bribes,threats, and sanctions employed by a stronger and wealthier monarchy.21 He who controls the Channel controls, controls the gold. Subsequently, the high rate of the nobility defection to Franceseverely weakened England and ultimately caused its collapse ofterritory control. It took over a hundred years and five English kings to win thesovereignty of the French crown and thirty years and one king to looseit. Success in warfare depends on the combination of a king who is acompetent military leader, an enthusiastic ruling class prepared tofight and command the armies, and people willing to bear the costthrough taxation. For almost a hundred years England had thiscombination while France did not. The English hated the French andalways feared an invasion. Also, the high demand for English wouldexports created a substantial treasury for King Edward to pay for thewar. However, the pendulum swung the other way. As a result, Englandmay have won the battle, but France won the war. Works CitedBarnie, John. War in Medieval English Society. Ithaca: CornellUniversityPress, 1974. Duby, Georges. France in the Middle Ages 987-1460. Paris:Blackwell,1987. Hundred Years War. Comptons Online Encyclopedia. 1995. Hutchinson, Harold F. King Henry V. New York: John Day Company,1967. Palmer, J.J.N. England, France and Christendom. London: UniversityofNorth Carolina Press, 1972. Vale, M.G.A. English Gascony 1399-1453. London: Oxford UniversityPress, 1970. Notes1. Palmer, J.J.N., England, France and Christendom. London:University of North Carolina Press, 23. 2. Hundred Years War. Comptons Online Encyclopedia. 1995. 3. Palmer, 47. 4. Hundred Years War5. Duby, Georges. France in the Middle Ages 987-1460. Paris:Blackwell, 1987, 274. 6. Hundred Years War7. Barnie, John. War in Medieval English Society. Ithaca:CornellUniversity Press, 1974, 181. 8. Palmer, 120. 9. Hundred Years War10. Barnie, 219. 11. Duby, 233. 12. Hundred Years War13. Palmer, 161. 14. Hundred Years War15. Barnie, 25. 16. Hutchinson, Harold F. King Henry V. New York: John DayCompany, 1967, 214. 17. Hutchinson, 214. 18. Barnie, 245. 19. Hundred Years War20. Vale, M.G.A. English Gascony 1399-1453. London: OxfordUniversity Press, 1970, 165. 21. Vale, 215.

Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity Essay Example

Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity Paper What makes you, you? Is who we are the result of our genes (nature) or is it the result of our upbringing (nurture)? Nature: the result of our genes Nurture: everything else other than genes, the culture you were brought up in, the country and family you were brought up In, the school you went to There Is an interaction between nature and nurture II. The Nature Component A. Genes: Our biological blueprint Our body is made up of millions of cells, in every cell, except egg and sperm, we have 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs We have thousands of genes, which are considered to be he basic unit of heredity Genes are segments of DNA that carry the Instruction that give an organism its traits or characteristics Different size of animals and people depends on a single gene (chromosome 1 5) Sometimes multiple genes (gene complexes) are responsible for something such as obesity Genes are made up of nucleotides There are four nucleotides: Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine They always come in pairs, A with T and G with C The sequence determine what a gene will do and what It will not do Changing Just one letter In a sequence changes what the gene does We will write a custom essay sample on Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Common analogy: chromosomes are like books, genes are the words in a book, and nucleotides are the letters in a book Human genome: we have roughly 30 thousand genes in our DNA They discovered based on the mapping of the human genome that every human on earth Is 99. 99% genetically similar to every other human being on earth Repartition of thee. 01% difference: 5% deference among races, 95% differences within a race Nature genetics, 2004: race does NOT exist biologically; there Is no white, black, Arab, Asian race, and it is just a social concept We share: 95-98% of our DNA with chimps, 0% of our DNA with mice, 50% of our DNA with bananas, 44% of our DNA with fruit flies B. Evolutionary Psychology Bal . What is Evolutionary Psychology (PEP)? Newest perspective in psychology, heavily influenced by Darnings principals of the Theory of Evolution According to Darwin, the mall goal Is to survive and to transmit (natural selection); many organisms die out due to survival of the fittest Survival of the Fittest: when there is a match between characteristics of organism and demands of the environment Evolutionary psychologists took the theories of Darwin to explain unman behavior; they study behaviors that are universal and common to all human beings; they study adaptive behaviors (adaptation is essential for survival) Any behaviors, traits, or emotions that our ancestors had are what we see in humans today We are in the post-antibiotic era, bacteria are smart 82. Application of PEP to Sexuality Surveys: men think more about sex, masturbate more, want sex more than women, are more likely to interpret friendliness as a come-on, and are more likely to make sacrifices for sex Clark and Hatfield (1978): recruited average-looking men and women o go around campus saying: Hey, Ive noticed you around campus, want to go to bed tonight? Different attitudes about sex: majority of women were offended, majority of men would say yes or why wait till tonight? According to PEP: both men and women have the same goal, but have different strategies to achieve the goal due to physiological differences It takes women 9 months to produce a baby, so relational sex enhances survival; it doesnt take men long to plant their seeds, so recreational sex is best strategy 83. Retinue of PEP Professors Critique: this is offensive because most men, like most women, want to be n healthy relationships There are at least 18 societies today that encourage women to have multiple partners because they believe that a child can have multiple fathers (women in these societies are less likely to have a miscarriage, women with multiple partners were more likely to have children that made it to age of 15 years) How evolutionary psychologists explain gender differences in sexuality: Peps theorize that women have inherited their ancestors tendencies to be more sexually cautious because of the challenges associated with incubating and nurturing offspring, whereas men inherited an inclination to be more casual about sex because their act of fathering requires a smaller investment Three main criticisms of the evolutionary explanation of human sexuality: (1) it starts with an effect and works backward to propose an explanation, (2) unethical and immoral men could use such explanations to rationalize their behavior toward women (3) this explanation may overlook the effects of cultural expectations and colonization C. Behavior Genetics CLC . Introduction Behavior genetics: a field of study where the main goal and purpose is to determine he extent to which differences between individuals are due to genetics; Bags are interested in INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Why we differ and how genes affected this: see below Q. -ret studies Minimization (Identical) Twins: one sperm fertilizes one egg and then the egg splits, always the same gender, and 100% genetically similar Dogmatic (Fraternal) Twins: two different eggs fertilized by two different sperms, can be same or opposite sex, 50% identical twins should be more similar on this trait than fraternal twins 1 identical twin has Alchemists, other twin has 60% chance fraternal twin has Alchemists, other twin has 30% chance 1 identical twin divorces, other has 5. 5% chance 1 fraternal twin divorces, other has 1. % chance studies find that identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins in extroversion (outgoingness) and neurotics (emotional instability) MAKE LIST OF GENETIC COMPONEN TS AND OTHER COMPONENTS Genetic components: extroversion, neurotics, agreeableness, personality traits, temperament (emotional excitability) Other components: attitudes, values, manners, faith, politics Criticism: these twins have similar environments, they come into this oral at the same time, are exposed to the same things, same home, same school, maybe this is why they are similar Solution: started studying twins who were separated and reared apart; identical twins who are reared apart are more similar than fraternal twins who are reared apart Boucher et Al. : studied over 100 twins, results indicate that for certain traits there is a genetic component Conclusion: identical twins reared together are more similar to each other than identical twins reared apart; identical twins are more similar to each other (reared together or apart) than fraternal twins (reared together or apart) CO. Adoption Studies Rationale: we have one adopted child with two sets of parents biological and ad optive parents Clear evidence to indicate that adopted children, when it comes to personality, are more similar to their biological parents, even if they have never met them, than they are to their adoptive parents (personality has a strong biological component) CREATE TWO COLUMNS: BIOLOGICAL PARENTS VS ADOPTIVE PARENTS faith, politics CO. Family Studies Rationale: family members are more genetically similar to each other than strangers, if a trait has a genetic component to it then family members should be more similar n that trait than strangers are Within a family we have different degrees of genetics, therefore if a trait has a genetic component to it, then family members who are ore similar to each other genetically should be more like each other then family members who are less genetically similar to each other Regular siblings: 50% Parents and children: 50% Grandparents and grandchildren: 25% 1st cousins: 12. 5% CO. Temperament Studies Definition: a temperament is your typical emotional reactivity (the way you respond to life) and the typical intensity of that response. Do you respond with fear and anxiety? Or are you excited and bold? Or are you shy? Temperament is a component of personality, has a genetic component Babies come to this world equipped with a temper; four different types of temperaments: Easy babies (40%): positive emotions, Slow-to-warm babies (1 5%): shy, guarded in their expression, takes the awhile to adapt to new environments and strangers Difficult babies (10%): strong emotional reactions, fussy, cry a lot, patterns are unpredictable and irregular, not easy to soothe Physiological studies show that difficult babies have a more erred up/aroused nervous system Combination babies (35%): sometimes easy, sometimes difficult, moieties shy, sometimes bold Twin studies indicate that identical twins are more similar in their temperament than fraternal twins Temperament seems to endure, and stay stable throughout time Through nurture we can modify and reshape temperament; parenting does make a difference CO. Heritability Definition: the percentage of variation within a given population that is due to heredity (the degree to which differences between/amongst individuals are due to genetics) h2o = heritability coefficient (heritability can be quantified by a heritability coefficient) h2o = Variances / (Variances + Overcompensation) 2 varies between O and 1 If h2o = 0. 0 no genetic influence If h2o = 1. 0 all variance is due to genetic influence If h2o = 0. 4 40% genes (60% environment) if h2o = 0. 6 60% genes (40% environment) Points to know and remember about heritability: Sometimes for the same trait, different studies come up with a different h2o (due to environment) When environment is similar, h2o will be higher When environment is different, h2o will be lower Just because individual differences are heritable, it does NOT necessarily mean that differences between races, gender, generations are heritable CO. Nature and Nurture Interaction Just because you have inherited a gene does not mean that this gene is going to affect you, this gene may remain dormant for the rest of your life, genes MAY need the environment to turn them on, this is not always the case Self-regulating: the same gene will act differently in a different environment Both male and female rats have a gene that makes them very nurturing and loving towards baby rats, however this does not turn on till they can hear, see, and smell the baby rat We dont Just transmit genes to our offspring, we transmit the pattern of activation as well The environment is one of the most important factors influencing gene Genome Pigment: tells a genome to activate/turn on/turn off Methyl groups: chemicals that, when present, inactivate/silence a gene Acetate groups: tell the gene to turn on, express itself Epigenetic (simplified definition): study the factors that influence/affect gene expression with affecting DNA Epigenetic studies the mol ecular mechanisms by which environments trigger genetic expression; study of environmental factors that affect how our genes are expressed (life experiences beginning in the womb lay own epigenetic marks, organic methyl molecules, that can block the expression of any gene in the associated DNA segment) D. Behavior Genetics Definition: a field of research where scientists are trying to identify the genes to heart disease and everyone has heart disease except for a few people, study one person who has it and one person who doesnt; find the gene that varies and youll know which gene is responsible for high cholesterol and heart disease. Relevance to psychology: we study both mental illness and mental health and part of helping people become healthy is knowing which genes we need to fix; intervention, revelation, therapy. Promises and dangers: dangers if employers can tell that you have heart disease or something they may fire you, if parents can tell their baby is going to have a problem they may abort it; promises they can go into the chromosome and snip the gene that is problematic. Midterm Question Use one of the principles of evolutionary psychology to answer the following question: Each one of us has 4 grandparents. Using the principles of evolutionary psychology which one of those grandparents is going to spend the most time, money, energy and resources on you. Ill. The Nature Component A. Prenatal Development The baby in the womb is very well protected, however this protection is not 100%, the baby remains vulnerable in the womb because lots of germs and infections can pass through the placenta; this baby can be harmed due to mothers environment (living near a nuclear plant) or mothers diet (the food she is eating). Even though twins, identical and fraternal, share the same womb, they may not be sharing the same environment. Example: one twin may be getting the better nutrition, better protection from viruses, better blood and oxygen supply. Fraternal twins have different lactates, identical twins can have the same or different placentas; identical twins with different placentas are less similar to each other than identical twins who share the same placenta. Marked for life (? ): what happens in the womb can influence and effect our life later on; cancer, blood pressure and heart diseases all could have been rooted in nutrition of the mother when she was pregnant. Two twins in the womb touch each other and are aware of each others presence, this brings up the question of when does awareness begin? B. Experience and Brain Development Bal . Experience Facilitates Brain Development Nurture is essential and vital for proper brain development They need stimulation, proper nurture, to hear sounds and feel touch for proper brain development 82. Experience Changes the Brain For the longest time researchers believed that when the brain reaches maturity it will stay the same until it gets hit by diseases and begins to deteriorate However, we learned that even after the brain reaches maturity it continues to change through experience; learning new skills could cause your brain to change for the better: if you start taking new drugs and are always stressed that will change the brain for the ores They took a bunch of rats and treated them the same until they were 70, then they divided them into two groups: poor rats and rich rats; the poor rats were stuck in a cage and Just given food and water, the rich rats were given food, water, big cages, freedom to interact with each other, new toys to explore all the time; at 90 they killed the rats and studied the brains, realizing the rich rats brains developed more. C. How Much Credit or Blame do Parents Deserve? Abusive, neglected children who become neglectful, etc. In personality mea sures, shared environmental influences from the womb onward typically account for less Han 10% of childrens differences; two children are (apart from their shared genes) as different as two random children. Parents should be given less credit for kids who turn out great and blamed less for kids who dont; children are not easily sculpted by parental nurture. D. Peer Influence Definition: individuals who are the same age or have the same level of maturity as us It is clear to researchers that peers are important to ones life (peers go all the way back to infancy) If one does not have peers, they create imaginary ones because peers are needed Children who are bullied or rejected by their peers end up being pressed and may kill themselves in the future As we age we interact with peers more and more; growing interaction with friends leads to growing influence by peers such as music taste, the way you dress Peers and risk-taking behavior: children and young teenagers are more likely to have risk-taking behavior when their peers also take risks or if they think their peers are taking risks; is it selection of friends? Parents also influence us Lifestyle choices: your parents choose what neighborhood you live in, what school they put you in The quality of parent-child interaction influences and effects the laity of peer-child interaction; for example, boys who bully others are more likely to have parents who are aggressive and dominate them, boys who get bullied are more likely to have parents who are overbearing and protective of them Advice: you are affected by the advice parents give you about relationships, life, or anything else Bottom line: parents and peers both influence you by distinct and complementary MAKE A CHART: PARENTS INFLUENCE VS PEER INFLUENCE E. Culture Definition: the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next Norm: an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior; norms prescribe proper behavior When we dont understand whats accepted or expected, we may experience culture shock; two great culture shocks are the differing pace of life and peoples differing senses of punctuality Cultures vary and compete for resources, and thus evolve over time; many changes have occurred since 1960 There have been positive changes (middle-class people travel more, eat out more, women have economic independence) and negative changes (increase in divorce, depression, and work hours); we cannot explain these rapid culture changes by changes in the unman gene pool; cultures vary, change, and shape our lives Individualism: giving priority to ones own goals over group goals and defining ones identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications; behavior reflects ones personality and attitudes, confrontation acceptable Collectivism: giving priority to the goals of ones group (often ones extended family or work group) and defining ones identity accordingly; behavior reflects social norms and roles, harmony valued V. The Nature and Nurture of Gender (Not on first midterm, but definitely on final exam) Men Women Tend to feel better about their appearance Four times more likely to commit suicide or suffer alcohol dependence More often diagnosed with color-blindness, autism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (as children), and antisocial personality disorder (as adults) In surveys, men admit to more (direct, physical) aggression than do women Male-to-female arrest ratio for murder is 9 to 1 in the United States and 8 to 1 in Canada Express more support for war (hunting, fighting, and warring are primarily mens activities) Perceived as being more dominant, forceful, and independent (place more importance on power and achievement) Tend to be more direct, even autocratic Talk assertively, interrupt, initiate touches, stare more, smile less, apologize less Boys typically play in large groups with an activity focus and little intimate discussion Male answer syndrome: men are more likely than women to hazard answers rather than admit they dont know Part of the parietal cortex (key area for space perception) is thicker in men Tend to f eel better about their behavior and ethics The average woman enters puberty two years earlier, lives five years longer, carries 70 percent more fat, has 40 percent less muscle, and is 5 inches shorter Can become sexually re-aroused immediately after orgasm Smell fainter odors Express emotions more freely Offered help more often Doubly vulnerable to depression and anxiety, risk of developing eating disorders is 10 times greater Women are perceived as being more deferential, nurture, and affiliated Tend to be more democratic, more welcoming of subordinates input in decision making Girls usually play in smaller groups, often with one friend (play is less competitive than boys and more imitative of social relationships) Females are more open and responsive to feedback than are males Females are more interdependent than males Women are more likely to tend and befriend (are more open with each other, desire intimacy) Parts of the frontal lobe (involved in verbal fluency) are reportedly thicker in women Gender similarities and differences 2 of the 46 chromosomes are sex chromosomes; these sex chromosomes determine whether a baby is genetically male or female The major sex chromosomes are X and Y; mother always contributes an X, father can contribute an X or Y (i f he contributes a Y the baby is male, X the baby is female) If the baby only ends up with one chromosome and it is an X the baby can survive but will have trouble later in life; if the baby only ends up with a Y it cannot survive and is terminated immediately in the mob There is a gene on chromosome Y called UDF that kicks in at 7 months in the womb, forming testes and testosterone (for female babies the absence of testosterone leads to the development of female body parts) Hormones influence and Female rats or monkeys: if injected with testosterone when they are pregnant the female babies behave like the males of the species, going after women and being more aggressive Human cases: the girls are more tomboyish, they dont like Jewelry and dolls, they like guns and like to play war; the bodies of men who are genetically male produce testosterone but their cells dont respond to testosterone, so their dies dont develop male genitalia and they become more like girls Normal hormone leve ls = average women Higher levels of progesterone = more feminine Higher levels of testosterone = more masculine The role of culture and society Parents describe their baby girl as being delicate, little, sweet; they describe baby boys as being firm, strong, and well-coordinated Medically, there are not differences in strength, alertness, and coordination between baby boys and girls Study: a baby boy was dressed in pink (parents held the baby for a long time, walked and rocked the baby, gave the baby teddy bears and bunnies to play with, cooed the baby) then he baby was dressed in blue (parents gave the baby a truck and hammer to play with, held the baby for a bit, then put him on the floor and encouraged him to start to crawl). Gender identity: a strong sense of being male or female Gender roles: expectations from society linked and associated with being a male or female; these gender roles vary from one culture to the next Gender typed: adopting a traditional masculine role or a traditional feminine roll There are many theories in psychology attempting to explain gender Social learning theory: we learn about a gender through observation, we learn through modeling, we have a role model and e imitate that role model, we learn through observation, modeling, rewarding and punishing Gender schema theory: they do accept what social learning theory is, saying yes there is observation, modeling, rewarding and punishing, but they take it several steps further; children are not learning passively, rather they are actively taking this information, drawing conclusions about this information, and they organize it into boys, girls, men, and women; those schemes become a rule in their life.

Northern Home For Boys Essays - Porter-Leath, Medical Health Care

Northern Home For Boys Essays - Porter-Leath, Medical Health Care Northern Home for Boys Northern Home for Boys was first known as Northern Home for Friendless Children, which was founded in 1853 by Elizabeth Rutter. The home was dedicated to serving children in distress. Today the home serves neglected and abused boys who are referred through Children and Youth Agencies of Philadelphia and Delaware Counties. Northern Homes is one of the oldest facilities for children. The home offers on ground school, educational and recreational programs, social workers, child care worker, medical/health care and psychological/psychiatric services. I had the pleasure of meeting with Ms. Gale Hite, who escorted me through the various buildings, which house boys between the ages of 10 and 18. The average stay is 2 years. The mission of this facility is to reunite the boys with their families and to provide them with the essentials needed for becoming productive members of society. To accomplish these goals the boys are first welcomed into the facility by the Welcoming Committee. This committee consists of one boy from each unit. When a new boy is admitted he is assigned a buddy for two weeks to assist him in becoming familiar with the other residents. A Social Worker is assigned to each boy and his family. The responsibility of the Social Worker is to coordinate treatment services for the child and family. Individual counseling is provided weekly and group counseling four times a week. Establishing goals and reviewing levels of achieving goals are discussed on group level. Family counseling is provided on a family by family basis. Within the first 30 days of acceptance into the home an Individual Service Plan is developed. Goals, specific activities, services, the persons responsible for delivering these services and a time limited is stated in the ISP. A schedule of the child?s visits with parents is also included in this document. The parents or guardian and a representative for the placing agency is afforded the opportunity to participate in the development of the ISP. The ISP is reviewed every six months to determine progress in achieving the goals. All participates are invited to the review. This facility also offers the level system, which consist of providing a consistent positive framework for setting limits in an age and behavior appropriate manner. The levels program allows room for development within safe guidelines. Positive contribution to the Northern Home?s community, school attendance and performance, and the child?s individual and group goals are weighted equally in the level program. Each group meets nightly to evaluate the progress around individual and group goals. These meetings help the boys understand each other and to stimulate the group into feeling successful. There are five levels in the program, probation, 1, 2,3 and independent. Probationary period is for one week providing intense focus on a child experiencing a critical time in placement. Boys on the first four levels will use a daily point chart. Each night this chart will be added up. The total points for the previous week will determine the child?s current level, allowance and other privileges. A child must earn the number of points required to maintain that level for three consecutive weeks in order to move to the next level. Movement down a level occurs immediately when appropriate points are not maintained for the week. Movement down is one level at a time. Life skills are introduced in the independent level. The boys attend classes that teach them how to budget their money, shop, and to help them to become independent adults. A Sexuality Course is included for the purpose of family planning. Another positive reinforcement is the point system. Each day the boys start their day with 5 points. The boys lose point by misbehaving in school, which is judged by the teacher. All points retained each day will be added up at the end of the week and the boys have the opportunity to use their points in purchasing sportswear and school supplies from the school store. Home visits are an essential ingredient of the overall Residential Treatment Program. A child is not permitted to visit home until it is established to be a safe environment. Approval is given by the DHS. Once it is established that the home is safe the child can

Nationalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nationalism - Essay Example This can only be successful if conducted in the local vernacular of the country. This thus raised a need for cultural homogenisation and its offshoot- the political doctrine of nationalism, 'which holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent'.4 Nationalism can be characterised as 'the organisation of human groups into large, centrally educated, culturally homogenous units'.5 Gellner put it thus: modernisation brings about nationalism and nationalism establishes nations, and not vice versa. Nationalism may manifest itself as part of state ideology or as a non-state movement and may be expressed along civic, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines. These self-definitions of the nation have been used to classify types of nationalism. These categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine some or all of these elements to varying degrees. Nationalist movements have also beeen classified by other criteria, such as scale and location. With all the disagreements about the true nature of nationalism, most analysts today view it as a hindrance to the development of a liberal democracy.6 Some like Beiner, Habermas and Hobsbawm say that this hindrance has to be superseded altogether; others like Dahrendorf, Kymlicka and Tamir see how democracy and nationalism can be reconciled. Civic and Ethnic Nationalism The liberal defenders of nationalism owe mostly, the original Enlightenment ideal of the nation as an agency of democratic power that was able to challenge the old suppressive order of the 'ancien rgime' (Rousseau). This made French and American nationalisms to be traditionally regarded as the epitome of civic nationalism. They were based on the political ideas of revolutionaries who fought for the 'sovereignty of the people'. The membership of the community was thus defined primarily in political terms; civic virtues were more important for the new republic than ethnicity, common culture, or even common language. This voluntaristic notion of national identity is usually contrasted with ethnic nationalism, which is exclusionary, since the belonging to a nation is in this case defined by birth, blood and ethnicity. While the former conception of a nation is ideally conceived of as a voluntary association, the latter is seen as a community of fate.7 Ethnic nationalism emerged in the la te nineteenth century and is said to be pertinent to the people of Central and Eastern Europe