Early Childhood Education More About Care Than Education...

Is early childhood education more about care than education? Is early childhood more about free-play than learning? The late 1980s saw the campaign for quality early childhood education and is now seen as a site for early intervention and for the maximisation of the child’s potential from the earliest possible age (Duhn, 2009). Over the years early childhood has become a foundation for children from birth to 5 years of age making it a quality based learning which will make a life time difference. In this essay I will be talking about four issues over the history of New Zealand education around early childhood: first I will talk about baby farming. Secondly care versus education, thirdly the quality of qualified teachers versus non-qualified teachers and lastly the impact government has made on early childhood education. Single and married women used to pay people to care for their children, because they had to work to get by. These babysitters were also known as â€Å"baby farmers† due to the fact they had so many children under their watch. This was a service to New Zealanders that was of great need. Easting (1994, p.48) said in relation to the nineteenth century: â€Å"the stigma of ‘care’ being a service for problem children from ‘scarce’ families (for example where the mother went out to work) developed very early on. Gradually the governments of the time began to provide some support for ‘educational’ activities [kindergartens].† These caregivers were sometimes called ‘babyShow MoreRelatedDevelopment Of Exceptional And Special Needs Children Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesThe early childhood sector is increasing rapidly across the Caribbean. Some of these centres just came about in an ad hoc manner due to the demand for day care servi ces; recognising how important early childhood development is, governments and other officials are being faced with the task of ensuring that quality early childhood education is provided. This essay seeks to discuss teachers’ expectations, sensitivities, priorities and values that contribute to the quality of all pupils learning andRead MoreBenefits Of Low Salaries For Early Childhood Education1197 Words   |  5 Pagesnecessity of early childhood education has increased as research indicated all the beneficiary effects on the child’s developmental learning capacity in their early years. However, low salaries negatively affect many early childhood educators who dedicated time and effort to continue higher education and trainings to ensure the best practices for the children. With the efforts to raise salaries for early childhood teachers, many professionals and educators in the field voiced their opinion about the raisesRead MoreThe State Of Georgia Have Quality Earl y Childhood Education1447 Words   |  6 Pages†¢ Purpose The purpose of this policy is to ensure that all children in the state of Georgia have quality Early Childhood Programs that are accessible, affordable, comprehensive, and sustainable. Crafting strategic and thoughtful policy in the forefront will ensure the academic achievement, social development and future success of the state’s youth. †¢ Scope This policy will aim to address the social, academic and general health needs of all children from birth to the age of 8 years in the state ofRead MoreThe Career Field Of Early Childhood Education1746 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Careers in Early Childhood Education, the field of early childhood education deals with teaching and education young children, commonly at a preschool level. Early childhood education appeared as a separate branch of education after several studies were conducted and told us that the time before a child goes to kindergarten are the most important for developing their learning abilities and social skills. Studies were conducted by the Department of Education, and many other governmentRead MoreHuman History Literacy Rates Have Continued Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesHuman history literacy rates have continued to hike. Children now attend school than at any other point in history. Although nations have made immense progress, many are still far from rea ching the universal goals of education. The importance of early education cannot be emphasized enough. As famous scholars had noted in human history, education is the precondition for success and unconstrained prospects. Educated citizens are the foundation for a nation’s sustainable economic and social developmentRead MoreChildren With Multicultural And Diverse Experiences849 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Early childhood providers do many difficult tasks. The hardest task is to provide the children with multicultural and diverse experiences. Since the beginning of time, the extended families, clans, and the communities raised the young children. Even today, many early childhood programs and family child care institutions tend to be similar and homogeneous to the children’s home backgrounds. The common criteria parents use to choose the early childhood programs, and the child care facilitiesRead MoreDeveloping A Safe And Healthy Environment1471 Words   |  6 Pageschild (Early Learning for, 2007, p. 3). In November 2004, the Ontario administration created a great plan called the â€Å"Early Learning for Every Child Today† (ELECT). By launching this plan, Ontario fulfilled its dream. In addition, the ELECT document contains comprehensive and rich sources of information that enhances, rather than modifies, planned curriculum in all Ontario’s care centers operating under the Day Nurseries Act. As long as early childhood professionals working in early childhood settingsRead MorePromoting a Healthy and Safety Environment in an Early Childhood Education Setting1353 Words   |  6 Pageshealthy environment in early childhood education. Learning and developments of children are greatly enhanced by a healthy environment. It will also explain three policies that relate to these aspects. Strategies will also be mentioned to elaborate on the aspects and policies. Families, communities and centres should work together to provide and promote a healthy upbringing of young children. It will also include the areas needed to be improving further in the early childhood healthy environment andRead MoreChildren s Academic And Social Competencies1549 Words   |  7 Pagesstart school tend to be more at-risk (considered to have a higher probability of failing academically or dropping out of school) than their advantaged peers, come from lower socioeconomic hom es, and are more likely to have developmental challenges that limit their attentiveness for instruction (Jeon, H., Peterson, et al., 2011). This gap in development is evident at the earliest stages of growth and the effects of poverty on children s development typically appear at about the age of 2 and by ageRead MoreEssay on 20th Century Approaches in Early Childhood Education861 Words   |  4 Pagesthere are many kinds of programs and approaches used in early childhood education? The 20th century was the start of inclusive classrooms and about the idea of education for all. Education in the early preschool years boomed with early childhood development programs. While there are many popular approaches, I find that Maria Montessori and Rudolf Steiner have the reliable strait forward and captivating approaches to early childhood education. Maria Montessori has an educational method that is in

Business Start Up Loans Grants - 1274 Words

Starting a business means involvement of lot of funding no matter what type of business it is. Business start up loans grants are very helpful for those who wish to start their own business but lack proper funding to launch them. If you have a good business idea and you have also surveyed the market to foresee the future of your business, you can apply for these loans or grants. The first thing is that whether you believe in yourself and success of your business idea or not. Your belief will get more weight if you take a genuine survey of the market and find out what could be the future performance of your business type. Once you are sure about the success of your business, you need to make a good business plan. This is one of the important parts when you have decided to apply for the business grants. Also, search for the grants that are capable of fulfilling your business needs and will help you accomplish them. There are various organizations that offer grants for new businesspers ons along with the government agencies. Make use of all the resources and research the availability of the grants. Apply for all that you qualify increasing your chances of getting approved. Finding the right grants is the most important step and you should invest some time and effort in this. The main intention of business start up loans grants is to provide necessary moral and financial support to new entrepreneurs so that they are able to get back to their feet and start earning their living.Show MoreRelatedRaising Capital For A Young Business : Case Study819 Words   |  4 PagesRaising capital for a young business can be a difficult process. My businesses inevitably fail simply because they did not have the right amount of capital to start with (Keyes, 2007). A lack of capital can force an entrepreneur to make poor decisions simply because they did not have enough money to make the right one. A lack of funding will also lead to a lack of cash follow, which is considered th e life blood of a starting business. Furthermore, funding short falls make it very difficult toRead MoreWk #4 Research Strategy1135 Words   |  5 Pagesplanning of a start-up business is the financial requirements. Research has determined it will likely result in attempting to obtain a grant or a small business loan. While a number of the websites visited promise an immediate guarantee of a grant, how can a potential new business owner know for sure what is written in the fine print? Never having applied for any type of grant creates a sense of apprehension and uncertainty with regard to the process. Gathering information from the Small Business AdministrationRead MoreCarribean Internet Cafe1263 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment #1: Caribbean Intern Cafà © Date: November 14, 2012 1. There are many issues that Mr. Grant should consider before proceeding with the CIC. There are several things that Mr. Grant should examine before even looking at the projections given to him. Total capital is $2,250,000, $1,000,000 in investments and $1,250,000 in the form of a long-term loan. $1,573,000 is immediately spent leaving $677,000. If he has no customers, he can afford to remain open for 3 months. As well, theyRead MoreSmall Business Funding Options1170 Words   |  5 Pagespartnership to pay back this relative, there is no high rate interest to worry about, as there would be with a bank loan. Also, the relative only has to agree to the assistance, instead of applying for bank approval. There is also no risk of depreciation, as there is with the stock market. However, there is also a very large risk with this type of funding. When using a short or long term loan with a bank, once approval is granted, the funding is guaranteed. When borrowing from a relative, he/s he canRead MoreBusiness Financing For Small Businesses Essay919 Words   |  4 PagesSmall Business Loans Starting a business requires capital so as to run and steer the business to profitability. There are many sources of financing tailored to meet the needs of start-ups and small businesses. Business financing usually varies depending on factors such as source of funds and the size and type of business. The process of securing funds can also be problematic for most start-ups and small business because of the unwillingness of most traditional banks to provide funds to small borrowersRead MoreSmall Business Loans : Small Businesses And Star Ups Essay913 Words   |  4 PagesSmall Business Loans When you want to start a business you need capital in order to run and steer the business to profitability. There are many sources of financing start-up and small businesses can tap into to get started. Financing usually varies depending on the source of financing as well as the size and type of business you want to run. However, the process of securing funds to start a business is fraught with many challenges. This problem has been compounded by the fact that many traditionalRead MoreEssay On Angel Entrepreneurs870 Words   |  4 PagesWhile many investors and business owners do insist that an idea is the important element of any business entity, they also do concur that it is quite challenging to start, operate and sustain any business venture without capital. The situation gets even more complicated given the gender-based issues still affecting communities not just within America but also worldwide. However, following the continuous creation of awareness around such critical conc erns the situation is gradually gaining the attentionRead MoreSources of Finance1496 Words   |  6 PagesP3 Introduction For this task I will be considering the sources of finance I will need for my company. Why might a business require finance? A business may require finance because they can either: †¢ Be setting up a new business and they do not have enough money to start up. †¢ They may need new equipment to help make the business expand and make more profit. †¢ Or they may even want to replace old machinery. †¢ They may want to move there store to a better location that might benefit thereRead MoreHow Free Government Grants Loans Are Available For People Essay1733 Words   |  7 PagesFree government grants loans are available for people who are in real need of money to fulfill their needs. The recent economic recession has left most of the people in financial crisis and whether it is business or house repair work, they need financial help to get these needs accomplished. Many people either somehow manage with the deficits or look for some financial help. Nearly everyone out of these is not in a position to repay the loans and so they hesitate to go for those options. There areRead MoreRaising Finance1286 Words   |  6 Pagesbuy-in to a business (management buy-in or MBI) or buy-out (management buy-out or MBO) a business from its owners, may not have the resources to acquire the company. They will need to raise finance to achieve their objectives. There are a number of potential sources of finance to meet the needs of a growing business or to finance an MBI or MBO: - Existing shareholders and directors funds - Family and friends - Business angels - Clearing banks (overdrafts, short or medium term loans) - Factoring

Human Right Peace and Developments

Question: Write an essay on "Human Right Peace and Developments". Answer: Introduction: In this world, everyone has the right to lead their own life in their own way. However, it has been found that there are few people in the society who are being restricted to use their human right in their own way (Albright and vila 2015). In the present scenario, it has been found that most of the vulnerable people suffer in the society. Donnelly (2013) commented that the vulnerable people are the group of people who are being ill treated and neglected by the people in the society. Additionally, it has been also found presently the vulnerable people are facing major challenges and barrier to lead their daily life in a peaceful manner. Apart from this, it has also being found that the vulnerable people are always being neglected and abused by the people in the society. This particular situation is somehow affecting peace and other development in the society. In this particular study is mainly going to highlight the issues faced by the vulnerable group of people in the society. Apart from this, the study has also focused on the effective initiative and actions taken by the Nation states to maintain peace in the society. Additionally, also discussed the unique strategies implemented by the Nation States to improve the overall situation and the impact of the issues from the people mind. Discussion: It has been found that there are mainly two types of vulnerable group namely the disabled group and the gender biasness group. In most of the cases, it has found that the vulnerable group are mainly disabled suffers the most in the society. Forsythe (2012) put forward that most of the vulnerable people who are mainly disabled are being not allowed to take active participation in any of the normal activities which are taking place within the society. Due to this reason most of the vulnerable people feels isolated and neglected in the society. On the other hand, Harris et al. (2014) argued that most of the common mass take advantage of the disable people in the society. Apart from this, it has been also found that the disable person does have the right to use their human rights in their own way. It has been found that 80% of the disabled people live in the developing countries (Mullerson 2014). Additionally they are also being considered as the minority group in the society. The disabled people are being hugely discriminated within the society. This directly creates an adverse impact of the human rights and the peace in the society. Everywhere the disabled people are being neglected by the common mass, due to this reason they are also unable to access all the good things in life (Sharp 2015). In workplace, institution and in society, they face several barriers to survive. These situations give rise to conflict, it has been found that the behavior and attitudes of the individuals is not good towards the disabled people. This somehow creates a negative impact on the belief and the cultural values of the individual. In the present scenario, it has been found that within the society the gender biasness has become one of the major issues, which the individuals are facing within the society. This has directly created an impact on the peace and the other development in the society. Still it has been found that the women in the society are being ill treated by the individual in the society. It has been found that the family person, which hampers the peace of the individuals in the society, is abusing mostly the elderly women. With the advancement of time, the violence against women is rapidly increasing within the society. Tomuschat (2014) argued that still men dominates and society. The behavioral attitudes of the people are same in the society. This particular situation also raised several issues among the individuals in the society (Wani 2016). In order to overcome the barriers the governmental bodies, non-governmental organizations and the United Nation has taken the major initiative to improve the overall situation in the society. It has been found that the Australian non-governmental organization has incorporated new policies and law in order to provide equal right to the helpless people in the society (Tomuschat 2014). Through this effective, approach the nongovernmental organizations can easily improve the situation and attitudes of the people towards the disabled people. In order to eliminate the gender biasness from the society the United Nation has introduce the elimination of discrimination against women (1967). Due different cultural background, generally conflict arises within the men and the women in the society. Most of the vulnerable people is being violated due to different cultural backgrounds in the society. On the other hand, it has been found that the governmental body also focused on the regulation, law and practices to protect the individual right of the people within the society. On the other hand, it has been also found that the non-governmental bodies focused in conducting social awareness programs in order to change the outlook of the people towards the disabled people. Additionally, it has also focused on the issues that the individuals are facing within the society. By taking effective initiative, the governmental bodies are trying to achieve peace and other development in the society. By strengthen the law and the rights of the common people, the governmental bodies are develop and maintain the peace and equality within the individual in the society. Conclusion: From this study, it can be concluded that in the present time the governmental bodies and the nongovernmental organizations has taken major initiative to improve the situation and the developing peace among the people in the society. By developing peace in the society, the government body can develop the society in a better way. It can easily overcome the cultural barrier and conflict in the society. On the other hand, I have also found that disability and gender biasness is one of the major issues in the society. These two issues have created huge barrier and gap among the people in the society. Additionally in order to enhance peace, the governmental has implemented new policies and law to develop the belief of the individual in the society. This will somehow help the government to improve the cultural practices within the society. Reference list: Albright, J. and vila, J., 2015. Vincent Adzahlie-Mensah is a Lecturer at the Department of Social Studies Education at the University of Education, Winneba, Ghana. He is interested in critical research that contributes to understanding the links between education and development. He is particularly interested in working on issues around gender and equity, human rights and peace education.The SAGE Handbook of Curriculum, Pedagogy and Assessment. Donnelly, J., 2013.Universal human rights in theory and practice. Cornell University Press. Forsythe, D.P., 2012.Human rights in international relations. Cambridge University Press. Harris, D., O'Boyle, M., Bates, E. and Buckley, C., 2014.Law of the European convention on human rights. Oxford University Press, USA Mullerson, R., 2014.Human Rights Diplomacy. Routledge. Sharp, D.N., 2015. Redefining Human Rights in the Struggle for Peace and Development by Terrence E. Paupp (review).Human Rights Quarterly,37(1), pp.249-252. Tomuschat, C., 2014.Human rights: between idealism and realism(Vol. 13). Oxford University Press, USA. Wani, M.A., 2016. 07_Analysis of Conceptual Foundations of International Instrument for Global Peace and Development.

The Definition Of The Golden Rule Is That Those With The Gold Essay Example For Students

The Definition Of The Golden Rule Is That Those With The Gold Essay make the rules. In other words, those with the gold have the power aswell as those with the power have the gold. History books willdiscuss the general reasons for war such as freedom from adversity orfreedom from religion. But the real issue for any war is the thirstfor power and control; and the means to finance them are the economicissues. Nations will endure years of fighting for power and control. France and England fought each other for more than a hundred years tohave control of the Channel trade routes. 1 This century of warringwas known as The Hundred Years War and is the longest war in recordhistory. It began in 1337 when King Edward III invaded Normandy andended in 1453 when France won the Battle of Bordeaux. However, it wasnot a hundred years of constant battle; there were periods of trucesin between. 2One cause for the Hundred Years War was the claim to theFrench throne. The conflict began when the direct line of successiondied without a male heir and the nobles decided to pass the crown to acousin, Philip of Valois. But this left two other male cousinsequally deserving of the crown; Charles, King of Navarre and EdwardIII, King of England. 3 Edward III claimed that he himself wasdeserving of the throne because his mother was the sister of the lateFrench king, while Philip VI was only a cousin. But according toFrench law, no women could inherit the throne, nor could the crown beinherited through a woman. 4Philip of Valois chances of becoming King of France had beenremote and he had not been brought up as the future lieutenant of Godon Earth. Philip VI spent much of his resources on entertainment andfinery with gay abandon. 5 This caused conflict with the kingssubjects. Since the king was considered to be sacred and inviolable,neither cousin would challenge Philip VI. However, they would exploitthe situation and King Edward III lost no time and invaded Normandywith an army of 10,000men. 6This leads to another cause for The Hundred Years War. Theland along the Channel and Atlantic coasts was Englands first line ofdefense against an invasion. England held claim to this territoryfrom the twelth century through the marriage of King Henry II andEleanor of Aquitaine. King Edward III was determined to gain controlof the French coastline while providing himself with a bridgehead forfuture expeditions into France. 7But the major cause of The Hundred Years W ar was the economicinterest the revenues to be gotten from this rich territory. Winewas Gasgonys largest export product and major source of income to thevassal. Wool was Englands largest export product and the source ofits wealth. English pastures produced fleeces that were the envy ofEurope which Flanders depended on for its wool and linen market. 8English sheep growers sold their long fine wool to weavers inFlanders, across the English Channel. Flemish weavers as well asEnglish sheep growers depended on this trade for their business. In1336, Philip VI arrested all the English merchants in Flanders andtook away all the privileges of the Flemish towns and the craftguilds. Resulting in the Flemings revolting against the Frenchcontrol and making an alliance with England. 9 Consequently, theflourishing market of the industrial cities of Ghent, Bruges, Antwerpand Ypres were naturally coveted by the Kings of France and England. We will write a custom essay on The Definition Of The Golden Rule Is That Those With The Gold specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Moreover, the Bordeaux harbor was within the borders ofEnglish Gascony and was the center of the shipping and tradingindustry. Commodities such as grains, dairy products, dyes and saltwould be shipped into Bordeaux via the Dordogne and Garonne Rivers andthe merchants were charged a customs fee for these products. Also,Bordeaux would receive duties on wine, whether shipped-in or grown onGascon soil. Consequently, the profits from the tolls and customsmade Bordeaux the economic capital of Gascony. Furthermore, controlof neighboring areas such as Guyenne and Calais were economicallyvital. Their union with Bordeaux would ensure England with a monopolyof the shipping and trading industry from Spain, Portugal andBrittany. 10France was the richest country in Europe and its army was muchlarger than Englands. In addition, Frances army consisted of hiredmercenaries. Therefore, France should have quickly defeated England. But Frances army consisted of heavily armored knights who were lessmobile against the agile English swordsmen. The French militaryleaders soon realized the archer was the only effective when fightinga pitched battle. Consequently, France implemented a strategic planwhich was to avoid active warfare and to utilize the technique ofdiplomacy and concessions. England could win battles, but Francecould avoid them. Pitched battles were accepted only when there wasno alternative. Otherwise, France would raid unprotected towns andvillages, take what they could, then burn them to the ground. 11Meanwhile, England could depend on the loyalty of hersubjects. The soldiers were happy to receive a salary and eager tofight on French soil. They could profit from the plundering whiletheir homes didnt suffer and damage. Moreover, England had superiormilitary tactics. They had perfected the fighting technique of thelongbow drawn by free swordsmen. Even though the archers were belowthe knight on the soci al ladder, they were not ashamed to fight sideby side. Subsequently, the archer could destroy the effectiveness ofa French calvary charge. Also, King Edward III was very popular withhis subjects. He would fight beside his troops as well as to thefolks at home. As well, his sixteen year old son, the Black Prince,was a superb military leader. 12 He successfully continued to leadthe English armies into battle against France. As a result, Englandwon most of the initial battles and kept the war in France. 13One of the great English victories was the battle at Crecy. .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 , .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 .postImageUrl , .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 , .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50:hover , .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50:visited , .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50:active { border:0!important; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50:active , .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50 .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue6ecc16e7dff3e3495a3fa8457f98b50:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ameriacas Involvement In WWII EssayThe English were outnumbered four to one by the French, led by PhilipVI. The English occupied the side of a small hill, while the heavynumber of French men-at-arms and hired Genoese crossbowmen were at thefoot of the hill on a plain. The English were ready with their newlongbows at hand. The Genoese crossbowmen attacked the English, but were tootired due to the long days march and because of an earlier rainstorm,their crossbow strings were loose. The Englishs longbow proved to betoo much for the Genoese, so they dropped the crossbows and began torun. King Philip was so outraged at the Genoese actions, he had hismen-at-arms kill many of them. At one point during this battle, the French came across agroup of English knights led by the Black Prince, the son of EdwardIII, dismounted from their horses and not prepared for battle. AsEdward III heard of his sons misfortune, he ordered no aid be sent tohim and his men. This was to be his day. Slowly, pieces of theFrench army began to flee, while the English army stood strong. England had won the first great land battle of the long war. They had already won control of the English Channel and a few yearslater, the town of Calais surrendered to them on September 28, 1347. For the next ten years, fighting was slowed. This was due mainly tothe Black Death which killed more than a third of the population. 14Initially, England feared they would never be able to defendthemselves against a French invasion. France had enormous wealth,military prestige and a dominant position in European politics. However, the Battles of Vrecy and Poiters were major victories forEngland. In both battles, England was greatly outnumbered by Francebut, the English archers were more effective than the armor-cladFrench knights. Therefore, the victories were perceived to be grantedby god because England was the rightful ruler of France. As Englandcontinued to win the early battles and keep the in France, themilitarys feelings of inferiority and insecurity were replaced withself-confidence and optimism. The first phase of The Hundred YearsWar went well for England. Eventually the false sense of prosperity created by thepillaging of the French towns and villages began to surface. Also,the commoners were becoming dissatisfied with the high war expense. The war was a strain on Englands resources and it was beginning toget difficult to pay the soldiers wages as well as maintain thegarrisons. The English subjects were taxed out and tired of themisappropriation of the war funds by the corrupt royal officials andmilitary commanders. Moreover, the military began to decline. KingRichard II was not a good general. Most of Edward IIIs captains weredead or in captivity and the new generation of officers showed littleaptitude for war. 15 But King Richard II had to fight France notonly for glorious tradition but to save the wine trade with Gasconyand the wool trade with Flanders. These resources were needed to helpfinance the war. However, his campaign ended in retreat. The Gascons were opportunists. They did not adhere firmly toone lord. Even though they did better under English rule, they werenot resistant to the French. Consequently, France gradually gainedcontrol of the Channel trade routes. Then King Henry V renewed TheHundred Years War with a victory at Agincourt. He was a strong,brilliant military leader and continued to win battles against theFrench, recapturing the Gascon territory. 16 Also, with the marriageto Charles VIs daughter, King Henry V achieved the goal of Frenchsovereignty. He became the French regent and upon Charles VIsdeath, the King of England would succeed to a dual monarchy. However,when Charles VI died, the King of England was a child. 17Henry VI was too young and inexperienced to supervise akingdom and lead an army. As a result, authority did not rest in anyone person, but in all of the lords together. This led to Englishdisputes and disunity. Also, the subjects believed this was thekings war and the king should not finan ce the war through taxationbut from his own income from Gascony. The maintenance of a dualkingdom was a financial strain and England was far in debt on militarywages. In addition, Gascony was very difficult to defend and theunstable economic conditions made it difficult to meet military crisesas they arose. Consequently, the English army in Gascony disbanded. .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c , .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c .postImageUrl , .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c , .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c:hover , .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c:visited , .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c:active { border:0!important; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c:active , .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u640446a6848b980f2f8472054d56ec4c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Attorney Essay18When it seemed as if there was no hope for France, a new lightappeared for them. She was Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans. Joan ofArc and Charles VII were able to organize France. They invadedGascony with an overwhelming force and began to capture the Englishtowns along the Norman border without being drawn into a pitchedbattle. Even after Joan of Arcs capture and execution by the Englishand Burgundians, her spirit seemed to inspire the French. As aresult, the French offensive spirit was rekindled. Again, the Frenchoutnumbered the English. But this time the French army did not rest,instead they sped aggressively to the next battle. Moreover, theFrench imple mented the use of the cannon-ball. 19Again, the allegiance of the noble families to England orFrance was determined by the economic and judicial privileges of theirlordships. 20 But their land and goods were confiscated duringCharles VIIs invasion. Consequently, the nobles defected to France. As England continued to lose its control of the South-West, Francesability to allure the nobility away from England increased. In thepast many had mocked the sovereignty of France. But in the politicalconditions of 1442-53 they were seldom able to resist the bribes,threats, and sanctions employed by a stronger and wealthier monarchy.21 He who controls the Channel controls, controls the gold. Subsequently, the high rate of the nobility defection to Franceseverely weakened England and ultimately caused its collapse ofterritory control. It took over a hundred years and five English kings to win thesovereignty of the French crown and thirty years and one king to looseit. Success in warfare depends on the combination of a king who is acompetent military leader, an enthusiastic ruling class prepared tofight and command the armies, and people willing to bear the costthrough taxation. For almost a hundred years England had thiscombination while France did not. The English hated the French andalways feared an invasion. Also, the high demand for English wouldexports created a substantial treasury for King Edward to pay for thewar. However, the pendulum swung the other way. As a result, Englandmay have won the battle, but France won the war. Works CitedBarnie, John. War in Medieval English Society. Ithaca: CornellUniversityPress, 1974. Duby, Georges. France in the Middle Ages 987-1460. Paris:Blackwell,1987. Hundred Years War. Comptons Online Encyclopedia. 1995. Hutchinson, Harold F. King Henry V. New York: John Day Company,1967. Palmer, J.J.N. England, France and Christendom. London: UniversityofNorth Carolina Press, 1972. Vale, M.G.A. English Gascony 1399-1453. London: Oxford UniversityPress, 1970. Notes1. Palmer, J.J.N., England, France and Christendom. London:University of North Carolina Press, 23. 2. Hundred Years War. Comptons Online Encyclopedia. 1995. 3. Palmer, 47. 4. Hundred Years War5. Duby, Georges. France in the Middle Ages 987-1460. Paris:Blackwell, 1987, 274. 6. Hundred Years War7. Barnie, John. War in Medieval English Society. Ithaca:CornellUniversity Press, 1974, 181. 8. Palmer, 120. 9. Hundred Years War10. Barnie, 219. 11. Duby, 233. 12. Hundred Years War13. Palmer, 161. 14. Hundred Years War15. Barnie, 25. 16. Hutchinson, Harold F. King Henry V. New York: John DayCompany, 1967, 214. 17. Hutchinson, 214. 18. Barnie, 245. 19. Hundred Years War20. Vale, M.G.A. English Gascony 1399-1453. London: OxfordUniversity Press, 1970, 165. 21. Vale, 215.